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407 ‒ Preventing cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s disease: lowering LDL early, APOE4, and more

Peter Attia MDSeptember 14, 20262h 19m
Topics88
Introduction and Background0:00Primary Prevention Philosophy2:32The 8 Gram Rule4:00Risk Assessment Tools5:00Personal Story5:30Causal Risk Factors Framework8:00LDL Management Controversy10:00CETP Inhibitors Background14:00CETP Mechanism15:30HDL Raising Focus19:00Niacin Trials on Statins20:30Torcetrapib Development21:00Subsequent CETP Inhibitors23:30HDL Function and Reverse Cholesterol Transport25:48CETP Inhibitor Trial History27:30LDL Causality Evidence37:31Obicetrapib Development40:30Phase 2 Data and Mechanism43:31Current Development Status49:32Obicetrapib Phase 3 Trials in Familial Hypercholesterolemia and ASCVD51:22The PREVAIL Trial Design54:01Regional Regulatory Pathways55:30Biomarker Discordance Between LDL-P and ApoB56:01Non-HDL Cholesterol and Risk Prediction1:00:01Lp(a) Lowering with Obicetrapib1:01:30Horizon Trial of Antisense Oligonucleotide for Lp(a)1:02:32Positioning of Obicetrapib in LDL-Lowering Therapy1:04:30Statin Dosing and Transaminase Concerns1:07:00Pricing and Access Considerations1:09:31Alzheimer's Disease and CETP Inhibition1:12:01APOE4 Study with Obeticholic Acid1:16:52APOE4 as a Lipid Gene1:17:30Brain Cholesterol Metabolism in Homozygous APOE4 Patients1:18:00Blood-Brain Barrier and Independent Brain Lipid Metabolism1:20:00APOE Genotype Risk Distribution1:21:32APOE4 Mechanism of Alzheimer's Risk1:22:01HDL and Brain Interface1:24:01Statins and Alzheimer's Disease1:26:30Obeticholic Acid Biomarker Evidence1:29:00Alzheimer's Biomarkers1:35:30Broadway Study Results1:40:00Regulatory Challenges and Future Directions1:42:00Off-Label Use of PCSK9 Inhibitors and LP(a) Reduction1:43:17Regulatory Endpoints and Biomarker Validation1:44:00Anti-Amyloid Antibodies and APOE4 Homozygotes1:45:00The HDL Lesson and Biomarker Validation Concerns1:45:30Recent Supportive Data for PTAL 2171:46:30Upcoming Clinical Trial Design1:47:00Broadway Trial Feedback and APOE4 Homozygotes1:47:30Why the Alzheimer's Field Clings to Amyloid1:48:00Timing of Anti-Amyloid Treatment1:49:00Target Population and Risk Stratification1:49:31Fish Oils Discussion: Cardiovascular Disease Context1:50:30Two Mechanisms for Omega-3 Cardiovascular Benefit1:51:30REDUCE-IT Trial and Mineral Oil Placebo Controversy1:52:00STRENGTH Trial Placebo and Population Differences1:53:30EPA Mechanism and DHA Brain Health1:54:30APOE4 and DHA Transport to the Brain1:55:00LysoPC DHA Development1:56:00Red Blood Cell Membrane Concentrations and Supplementation1:56:32Krill Oil and Future DHA Supplements1:57:00AI Impact on Clinical Trials1:58:00Regulatory Reform Requirements for AI in Trials1:58:30Per Protocol Analysis and FDA Requirements1:59:30LDL Trial Challenges and Ethical Considerations2:00:30Statin-Induced Diabetes Signal2:01:30Bile Acid Sequestrants and Glycemic Control2:02:30Current Use of Bile Acid Sequestrants2:03:30Ezetimibe and Insulin Resistance2:04:00Potential Mechanisms for Statin Diabetes Effect2:04:30Net Clinical Benefit of Statins2:05:00Obicetrapib Pipeline Position2:06:30Mitsubishi's Original CETP Inhibitor Goals2:07:00Drug Development Costs and Biotech Investment Landscape2:07:49Biotech Funding Challenges2:08:32Big Pharma Pipeline Challenges2:09:00Innovation Dysfunction in Large Companies2:09:32AI and China's Role in Drug Development2:10:00Cloth Manufacturing Success Story2:11:00Excitement About Obeticholic Acid and Cloth2:12:01Cloth Development Background2:13:03Drugs Without Known Mechanisms of Action2:14:01Cloth Mechanism of Action Research2:14:30Investment Philosophy and Philanthropy2:15:31Personal Connection to Alzheimer's2:16:00Advice for APOE4 Carriers2:16:31Avoiding Over-optimization and Anxiety2:17:31Multiple Therapeutic Approaches2:18:00
In a Nutshell

Michael Davidson argues that maintaining LDL below 80 mg/dL throughout life—ideally starting in your 30s—prevents heart disease far more effectively than lowering it after plaque forms, since 8 grams of cumulative LDL exposure leads to ASCVD. His company’s CETP inhibitor obicetrapib lowers LDL 45-50%, raises HDL 150%, cuts Lp(a) 50%, and appears to reduce Alzheimer’s biomarkers in APOE4 carriers by improving brain cholesterol metabolism. The key message is that both cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s prevention require treating causal lipid drivers decades earlier than current guidelines recommend.

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Peter Attia welcomes Michael Davidson, a cardiologist and lipidologist who runs the lipid clinic at University of Chicago. Davidson sees patients four full days per month in a prevention-focused practice. His path to lipidology was shaped by his father's death at age 47 from a heart attack when Davidson was 16, combined with a family history of abnormal lipids.

Davidson conducted early NASIN trials in the late 1970s and 1980s, researched omega-3 fatty acids during fellowship, and was the first to use fish oil capsules to treat lipid disorders. He participated in all the major statin trials and opened a prevention center after fellowship, along with a research company conducting clinical trials.

Davidson advocates for primordial prevention - stopping plaque from forming before it exists, which is easier than reversing existing plaque. The mainstream approach waits until significant plaque buildup, heart attack, or stroke occurs before treating aggressively. Genomic data shows that maintaining low LDL throughout lifetime prevents heart disease more effectively than lowering LDL after events occur.

"If you lower LDL before you have a heart attack, it's very effective. If you have a heart attack and you lower LDL, it still has benefit, but once you have heart failure, there's no benefit to lowering LDL."

Davidson presents the 8 gram rule: 8 grams of cholesterol in a lifetime leads to heart disease. This can be calculated as:

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